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| Also Known As: Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne |
| Cause of Death: Pluresy |
| Christening: 800 Crowned in Rome |
| Source: 26264.ftw, Date of Import: Jul 18, 2000. |
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| *Hildegarde (Wife) b. 758 in Aachen, Rheinland, Prussia ( Germany)
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| Marriage: | ABT 771 in Aachen, Rhineland, Prussia |
| Marriage: | 773 |
| Marriage: | 781 in France |
| Children: | |
 *Louis 1 b. 778 in Cassenevil, France
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| Regina (Wife) b. 770
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| Marriage: | ABT 785 |
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- Hugues I"Abbe" France b. 794
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Individual:
RELATIONSHIP: 32ND Great- Grandfather of Douglas York
through son Louis 1
[26264.ftw]
King Charles the Great/ Charlemagne the Great / Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Charlemagne was probably born in 742 at Aachen. In 768 he and his brother Carloman inherited the Frankish kingdom (most of present-day France and a part of western Germany) from their Father PEPIN THE SHORT. The entire kingdom passed to Charlemagne when Carloman died in 771.
Conquests
Charlemagne inherited great wealth and a strong military organization from his father and Brother. He used these assets to double the territory under Carolinian control. In 772 he opened his offensive against the SAXONS, and for more than three decades he pursued a ruthless policy claimed at subjugating them and converting them to Christianity. Almost every year Charlemagne attacked one or another region of Saxon territory. Mass executions--4,500 Saxons were executed on a single day in 782--and deportations were used to discourage the stubborn.
The Saxons proved to be a far more difficult enemy than any of the other peoples subjugated by Charlemagne. For example, the LOMBARDS were conquered in a single extended campaign (773-74) , after which Charlemagne assumed the title "King of the Lombards." In 788 he absorbed the Duchy of Bavaria, and soon thereafter he launched an offensive against the Avar empire. The Avars succumbed within a decade, yielding Charlemagne a vast hoard of gold and silver. After one disastrous campaign (778) against the Muslims in Spain, Charlemagne left the southwestern front to his son Louis. The latter ( Emperor LOUIS I), with the help of local Christian rulers , conquered Barcelona in 801 and controlled much of Catalonia by 814.
On Christmas Day, 800, Charlemagne accepted the title of Emperor and was crowned by Pope LEO III. For several years after he regarded the imperial title as being of little value. Moreover , he intended to divide his lands and titles among his sons, as was the Frankish custom. At his death on Jan. 28, 814, however, only one son, Louis, survived; Louis therefore assumed control of the entire Frankish empire.
Administration
The internal organization of Charlemagne's empire varied from region to region. In much of what is today France, and especially in the south, the old Roman civitates (fortified cities) served as the focus of most important aspects of political, military, religious, and social organization. Both the count of the city, appointed by Charlemagne as his representative, and the bishop made their respective headquarters in the civitas. The count or his agent led the local Army, and the walls of the civitates afforded protection for the inhabitants both of the city and the nearby countryside.
In those parts of the empire which had not been part of the Roman world, Charlemagne made an effort to impose a similar system. He divided newly conquered lands into pagi (districts), which were placed under the jurisdiction of counts who exercised the same kind of administrative powers of their counterparts to the west. Charlemagne also sought to establish these new pagi as dioceses. In frontier areas, Charlemagne often established districts that were essentially military in their purpose and organization; these were called marks or marches.
Local customs were everywhere perpetuated by recognition of traditional laws. The laws, some unwritten, of each of the various peoples of the Carolinian empire, such as Salin Franks, Riparian Franks, Romans,Saxons, Lombards, Bavarians, Thuringians, and Jews, were codified; iflocal codes already existed, they were recognized. This judicial autonomy enjoyed by the several peoples of the empire indicates the diversity that not only existed but flourished under Charlemagne. The emperor did, however, legislate to provide a system by which these various people could interact.
The central administration of the empire, like the local administrations, was rudimentary. A Palatine Court followed Charlemagne on his numerous campaigns; during the later years of his life, when he remained at AACHEN, the court stayed there. Charlemagne also sent missi dominici, high-ranking agents of the central government, from the court to see that his orders, often Cast in the form of capitularies (ordinances divided into capitula, or chapters), were enforced . As part of his administrative efforts, Charlemagne sought to standardize weights, measures , and coinage. He also made an attempt to control and develop trade. To these ends he strongly encouraged the development of Jewish communities.
Cultural Development
Charlemagne's concern for administration and his interest in seeing the church function effectively led him to encourage a rudimentary educational system based in monasteries. Thus a Small group of clerical and lay administrators attained a useful level of literacy. Charlemagne the development and implementation of this system largely to Abcuin. The latter's work led to what some scholars have called the Carolingian Renaissance. At Charlemagne's court a group of scholars was gathered that included men from England, Spain, and Italy, as well as native Franks and probably Jews.
Evaluation
Charlemagne has been credited with great political and humanitarian vision and a devout religious bent; as a result, some have been led to think of his military ventures as crusades. In fact, he was a gluttonous and superstitious illiterate, or semiliterate, who had a considerable capacity for brutality. His accomplishments were due mostly to the energy with which he pursued his military goals and the ruthlessness with which he treated any opponents. Nonetheless, his achievements were considerable, and the effect of his conquests was to spread Roman Christianity across central Europe.
Bernard S. Bachrach
Bibliography: Bullough, Donald A., The Age of Charlemagne (1965);Chamberlin, Russell, The Emperor Charlemagne (1986); Fichtenau, Heinrich,The Carolingian Empire (1964; repr. 1979); Gansh of, F. L., Frankish Institutions under Charlemagne, trans. by Bryce and Mary Lyon (1968);Heer , Friedrich, The World of Charlemagne (1975); Lamb, Harold,Charlemagne: The Legend and the Ma n (1954).28. Charlemagne, Charles the Great. With the consent of the great nobles, Charlemagne, Charles the Great, became King of France and Holy Roman Emperor of the West from 771 to 814, following the death of his brother. He was born April 2, 742, probably at Aix-La-Chapelle. When only twelve years old we find him commissioned to receive and welcome the Pontiff who came to implore his father's aid against the barbarians that threatened Rome. He probably accompanied his father in his campaigns at an early age, but the first time that we really see him in the field, is on the renewal of the war with the rebellious Duke of Aquitaine.
Upon the death of Pepin, in 768, Charlemagne and his younger brother Carloman succeeded to equal portions of one of the most powerful of European kingdoms, bounded by the Pyrenees, the Alps, Mediterranean, and the ocean. But this would hardly enabled the monarchs, even had they been united, to resist successfully the incursions of the barbarous tribes on the German frontiers of France, which had commenced with the first establishment of the Frankish dominion in Gaul; and which were kept alive by the constant pouring forth of fresh hordes from the overpopulated north. The situation of Charlemagne was rendered yet more perilous by the massive enmity of his brother, and the rebellion of Hunald, the turbulent Duke of Aquitaine. But fortunately Charlemagne had a genius equal to the difficulties of his situation; though his brother refused to aid him, he defeated Huald; and no less illustrious by his clemency than by his valor and military skill, he forgave the vanquished rebel.
Desiderius, the King of Lombardy, had made large encroachments upon the states of the Roman Pontiff, whose cause was taken up by Charlemagne. This led to feuds, which Bertha, his mother, endeavored to appease by arranging a marriage between her son and the daughter of the Lombard. But Charlemagne soon took a disgust to the wife thus imposed upon him, and repudiated her, that he might marry Hildegarde, the daughter of a noble family in Swabia. Thus he married Hildegarde of Swabia (Linzgau), Countess, born in 757/758, died April 30, 782/3.
In 771 Carloman died, and Charlemagne was elected to the vacant throne, to the exclusion of his nephews, whose extreme youth made then incapable of wearing the crown in such troubled times. Gilberge, the widow of Carloman, immediately fled, and sought refuse with Desiderius, the common retreat for all who were hostile to the Frankish monarch.
From that time, sole ruler during a reign of forty-three years, he waged incessant wars on all his borders, subduing rebellions, extending his domains and at the same time advancing Christianity. In 772 he began a thirty-year war with the determined Saxons, after the successful opening of Charlemagne was called to the assistance of Pope Hadrian I. against Desiderius, King of the Lombards. Charlemagne marched two armies over the Alps and conquered Lombardy in 774; returned and beat the Saxons again and hastened into Spain, in 778, to help the Arabian rulers of that country against the Osman Caliph of Cordova. It was in this war that Roland, the hero of romance, fell in the pass of Roncesvalles.
In 799 the Romans revolted against Pope Leo III., and were again brought into subjection by Charlemagne. In return, while he was praying on the steps of St. Peter's Church, he was crowned by Leo with the iron crown of the Western Empire, successor of the Roman Caesars, unexpectedly to him, as he pretended, on Christmas Day, 800, amidst the popular acclamations, "Long life and victory to Charles Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific Emperor of the Romans!"
The extensive domain of Charlemagne was rendered secure only by ceaseless vigilance and warfare. The short intervals of peace which ere allowed him, he employed in endeavoring to educate and civilize his people. He made a tour through his dominions, causing local and general improvement, reforming laws, advancing knowledge, and building churches and monasteries. Christianity being one of the chief means to which he trusted for the attainment of his grand objects. In this he was no less successful than he had before been in war. With exception of the Eastern empire, France was now the most cultivated nation in Europe, even Rome herself sending thither for skillful workmen, while commerce, roads, and mechanics must have been much advanced, as we may infer from the facility with which marble columns and immense stone crosses were often carried through the whole extent of France upon carriages of native construction. Luxury, too, with its attendant arts had made considerable strides. Vases of gold and silver richly carved, silver tables highly wrought, bracelets, rings, and table cloths of fine linen, might be seen in the houses of the nobles. The people must have been dexterous in working iron, for their superiority in this respect is shown by the severe laws forbidding the exportation of arms.
Charlemagne drove back the Arabs, reduced the Huns, and effectually protected his long line of coast from the attempted invasion of the North men. It is said, that upon one occasion he arrived at a certain port just as the pirates were preparing to land; but the moment they learned of the presence of the monarch, they immediately fled in great terror at the mere mention of his name.
It was always an object of first importance with Charlemagne to support the papal authority, as holding out the only means of spreading Christianity, which he justly considered the most effectual instrument he could employ to enlighten and civilize the world.
Charlemagne securely laid the foundations of his empire. He was vigilant, judicious, and energetic, both as a ruler and commander. He fostered agriculture, trade, arts, and letters with untiring zeal, clearing forests, draining swamps, founding monasteries and schools, building cities, constructing splendid palaces, as at Aix, Worms, and Ingelheim, and drawing to his court scholars and poets from all nations, being himself proficient in science, as well as all hardy accomplishments.
Charlemagne was tall and a commanding presence, and could speak and write Latin as well as his native German. He fostered all learning and the fine arts, studying rhetoric and astronomy. He reigned over France, half of Germany, and four-fifths of Italy. The Caliph Haroun-al-Rashid sent an embassy to the court of Charlemagne with gifts in token of good will.
Attacked with pleurisy he died after a short illness, in the seventy-second year of age, and the forty-seventh of his reign, on January 28, 814. Some years later Charlemagne was canonized by the church.
He and his wife, Hildegarde, had several children as follows:
1. Pepin the Hunchback, died in 811.
2. Charles, King of Aquitaine, died in 811.
3. Pepin (Pippin), 4th son of Charlemagne, crowned by the Pope in 781 King of Lombardy and Italy, was born in 776 (April 773), conquered Venice and died shortly after on July 8, 810, before his father, at Milan. He married Bertha of Toulouse, born circa 777, daughter of William, Count of Toulouse. He was succeeded by his son, Bernard, King of Lombardy and Italy, 810-818, crowned at the age of twelve. Bernard took up arms against Louis I., King of France, and was deposed by him, blinded and put to death on April 17, 818. He married Cunegonde, and by her had a son, Pepin of Peronne, born in 817/818, died in 892, who was deprived of the throne of Italy by Emperor Louis, the Debonaire, and received a part of Vermandois and the Seigneuries of St. Quentin and Peronne. A lay abbot in 840, he was the father of Herbert I. de Vermandois, born circa 840, died 902, Count of Vermandois, who married Beatrice (Bertha) of Morvois, a sister of Robert I., King of France, ancestors of a line of Vermandois counts, leading in two paths to William the Conqueror; and Pepin de Senlis de Valois, Count Berengarius of Bretagne, who was living in 893. Pepin de Senlis de Valois was the father of Lady Poppa, the first wife of Rollo the Dane, 1st Duke of Normandy. See the continuation of this lineage elsewhere.
5. Louis I., the Debonaire (the Pious), 5th child of Charlemagne and Hildegarde. See below.
6. Drogo, Bishop of Metz, 823-855.
7. Lady Berthe, born 779, died 853, married Angilbert, Governor of Ponthieu and Abbey of St. Richaire. They were the ancestors of four successive Governors of Ponthieu and three successive Counts of Montreuil. William I Count of Montreuil, was the father of Hildwin (Haudoun) de Rameru Count of Rouci, living in 1033. He had a daughter, Marguerita, who married Hugh, 2nd Count of Clermont in Beauvais. Their daughter was Adeliza Clermont, who married Gilbert de Tonebruge. See the continuation of this lineage in the Clare Line in Vol. II.
Charlemagne married (2) Regina, born circa 770. They had a son:
1. Hugh (Hugues) "l'Abbe", born circa 794, died June 7, 844. From an unknown wife, he had a daughter Petronille of Auxerre, born circa 825, who married Tertulle, born circa 821. The had a son, Ingeler of Anjou, born circa 845, died 888, who married Adele of Gatinais, born circa 848. Their son was Foulques (Fulk) I of Anjou, Count of Anjou, born in 888, died in 938, who married Roscille of Loche, born circa 848.
29. Louis I., the Debonaire or the Pious or the Gentle, King of France (Aquitaine) and Holy Roman Emperor from 813 to 840, was born at Casseneuil in 778. He succeeded his father January 28, 814 and three years later yielded to the wishes of his sons and gave each of them a share of the dominions, which caused complications he was incapable of managing, and which resulted in the dissolution of the Empire. He died at Ingelheim June 20, 840, and was buried at Metz. He married (1) Ermengarde of Hasbania, daughter of Ingram, Count of Hasbania. She was born circa 778 and died October 3, 818. They had children as follows:
1. Lothaire (Lothar I.), Earl of Germany. See below.
2. Pippin (Pepin) I., King of the Aquitanians (817-838), died in 838, married Ingeltrudis, and they were parents of Pippin II., King of the Aquitanians (838-848, died 864).
3. Louis the German, King of the East Franks (817-876). He is also recorded as the King of Bavaria and Germany, 840-876. He married Emma. They had the following children:
1. Carloman, King of Bavaria (876-880), father of Arnule, Emperor, 896, and grandfather of Louis the Child, King of Germany, 899-911.
2. Louis the Younger, King of the East Franks (Saxony), 876-882.
Charles the Fat, King of Provence (876-887), Emperor of Germany, 876, King of the West Franks (France),884, deposed in 887.
4. Hildebrante (Liegrade) of Neustria, born circa 887, died after March 931. She married Herbert II, Count of Vermandois, born 880/890, died February 23, 943. They had a son, Robert de Vermandois, born 920, died August 967, who married Adelaide Challons, born circa 920, died after 967. This line continues through Adelaide de Vermandois, Hermengarde of Anjou, Judith of Rennes (Brittany), who married Richard II ("the Good") of Normandy, grandfather of William the Conqueror. See details elsewhere in Vol. I.
Louis I. married (2) Judith, daughter of Guelph (Gelf), Count of Andech and Bavaria, and his wife, Edith of Saxony. From this marriage there were at least two children:
1. Gisela. See this lineage below.
2. Charles II., the Bald. See this lineage below.
30. Lothaire (Lothar) I, Earl of Germany, Emperor (840-855), ruled over Italy and Lorraine, 840-855. He married Ermengarde of Alsace. They had the following children:
1. Louis II., married a daughter, Ermengarde (Engelberga). They had a daughter, Ermengarde, who married Boso, King of Provence (879-c.885). They had a son, Louis (Lewis) the Blind, King of Provence, 887, of Italy, 900; Emperor, 901, died in 928.
2. Lothaire (Lothar) II., King of Lotharinga (855-869).
3. Charles, King of Provence (855-863).
4. Ermengarde. See below.
5. Rothilde, mother of Guy, Emperor, 891-894, grandmother of Lambert, Emperor, 896-899.
31. Ermengarde (Helletrude) of Lorraine, married Gislebert, Count of Darnau (846-863), son of Giselbert, Count in the Massgua (the valley of the Meuse River) (839-842), who probably married a sister of Echard, Count of Hasbania (Hesbaye). This Giselbert was the son of Theidlindis, daughter of Aubri II., Count of Blois, who married Count Gainfroi, son of Mainier, Count of Sens and Duke of Austria (791-796). They had a son, Regnier I.
32. Regnier I, Count of Hainault, born about 850, died after October 25, 915 and before January 19, 915/916, lay Abbot of Echternach (Luxembourg) (897-915) and married (1) Hersent, daughter of Charles II., and married (2) Albreda (Alberade), died 916, from Mons (?) From the first marriage there were two sons as follows:
1. Regneir II, born about 890, died 932, Count of Hainault, married Alice of Burgundy, daughter of Richard, Duke of Bourgogne, and his wife, Adelaide of Burgundy, who was a daughter of Conrad I., Duke of Burgundy. See continuation of this lineage elsewhere in this section of French Nobility. They had a son, Regnier III, Count of Hainault, died in 973, who married Adele.
2. Giselbert. See below.
33. Gislebert, Duke of Lorraine, married Gerberga., daughter of Henry I., the Fowler, Emperor of Germany. He died in 930. They had a daughter, Albreda.
34. Albreda of Lorraine, married Renaud, Count of Rouci, who died in 973. They had a daughter, Ermentrude Roucy.
35. Ermentrude Rouci, married Alberic II, Count of Macon, who died in 975. They had a daughter, Beatrice Macon.
36. Beatrice Macon, married Geoffrey I. de Gastinois. They had a son, Geoffrey II de Gastinois.
37. Geoffrey II. de Gastinois married Ermengarde of Anjou. They had a son, Fulk IV.
38. Fulk IV, Count of Anjou, born in 1043, died in 1109, married Bertrade de Montfort. They had a son, Fulk V., Count of Anjou, born in 1043.
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- Title: Encyclopedia Britannica 1994-1999
Author: Brøderbund Software, Inc.
Publication: Release date: August 22, 1996
Media: Book
Page: Tree #1563
Text: Date of Import: Oct 5, 1998
- Title: ausbert.FTW
Media: Electronic
Page: Tree #1563
Text: Date of Import: Oct 11, 1998
- Title: 26264.ftw Shugart Eric Shugart eric.shugart@m.moh.com
Author: Eric Shugart
Media: Other
Text: Date of Import: Jul 18, 2000
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