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Individual:
Birth: [12 Jul 100 BC]
Death: [15 Mar 44 BC]
Cause of Death: Killed at Pompey's Statue, result of 23 wounds by Brutus
and Cassius.
Burial: Pyre at Campus Martius, near his daughter's tomb.
Military: Commander of the Armies of Rome
Religion: Pagan
Photos: I15490
Will written/leg.: Abt Oct 45 BC at his villa near Lavicum
Will proved: Read at the home of Marc Antony at request of Lucius Piso,
Calpurnia's father
Cleopatra VII of Egypt (Wife)
Children:
Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Caesar)
Tertulla (Wife)
Mucia (Wife)
Servilla (Wife)
Cornelia (Wife)
Children:
Julia II
Pompeia (Wife)
Calpurnia (Wife)
Postumia (Wife)
Lollia (Wife)
Caesar, (Caius) Julius, 102? B.C.-44 B.C., Roman statesman and general.
Although he was born into the Julian gens, one of the oldest patrician
families in Rome, Caesar was always a member of the democratic or popular
party. In 82 B.C., SULLA proscribed Caesar, who fled from Rome (81
B.C.). On Sulla's death, Caesar returned (78 B.C.) to Rome and began his
political career as a member of the popular party. In 69 B.C. he helped
POMPEY to obtain the supreme command for the war in the East. He himself
returned to Rome from Spain in 68 B.C. and continued to support the
enactment of popular measures and to prosecute senatorial extortionists.
In 63 B.C., as pontifex maximus, he undertook the reform of the calendar
with the help of Sosigenes; the result was one of his greatest
contributions to history, the Julian CALENDAR. In 60 B.C. he organized a
coalition, known as the First Triumvirate, made up of Pompey, commander
in chief of the army; Marcus Licinius Crassus (see CRASSUS, family), the
wealthiest person in Rome; and Caesar himself. In the years 58 to 49 B.C.
he firmly established his reputation in the GALLIC WARS. Caesar made
explorations into Britain in 55 and 54 B.C. and defeated the Britons. By
the end of the wars Caesar had reduced all Gaul to Roman control. These
campaigns proved him one of the greatest military commanders of all time
and also developed the personal devotion of the Roman legions to Caesar.
Crassus's death (53 B.C.) ended the First Triumvirate and set Pompey and
Caesar at odds. In 50 B.C. the senate ordered Caesar to disband his army,
but two tribunes faithful to Caesar, Marc ANTONY and Quintus Cassius
Longinus, vetoed the bill. They fled to Caesar, who assembled his army
and got the support of the soldiers against the senate. On Jan. 19, 49
B.C., Caesar crossed the Rubicon, the stream bounding his province, to
enter Italy, and civil war began. His march to Rome was a triumphal
progress. At Pharsala in 48 B.C., Caesar defeated Pompey, who fled to
Egypt, where he was killed. Caesar, having pursued Pompey to Egypt,
remained there for some time, living with CLEOPATRA and establishing her
firmly on the Egyptian throne. On his return to Rome, he set about
reforming the living conditions of the people by passing AGRARIAN LAWS
and by improving housing accommodations. In 44 B.C. he became dictator
for life. His dictatorial powers had aroused great resentment in his
enemies, but when a conspiracy was formed against him, it was made up of
his friends and protégés, among them Cimber, Casca, Cassius, and Marcus
Junius Brutus (see BRUTUS, family). On March 15 (the Ides of March), 44
B.C., he was stabbed to death in the senate house. His will left
everything to his 18-year-old grandnephew Octavian (later AUGUSTUS).
Caesar made the Roman Empire possible by uniting the state after a
century of disorder, by establishing an autocracy in place of the
oligarchy, and by pacifying Italy and the provinces. He has always been
one of the most controversial characters of history, either considered
the defender of the rights of the people against an oligarchy or regarded
as an ambitious demagogue who forced his way to power and destroyed the
republic. That he was gifted and versatile there can be little doubt. His
commentaries on the Gallic Wars (seven books) and on the civil war (three
books) are literary masterpieces as well as classic military documents.
He was married three times: to Cornelia, to Pompeia, and to CALPURNIA.
Source:
The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia is licensed from Columbia University
Press. Copyright © 1995 by Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
In his will he left three-fourths of his estate to Gaius Octavius
(Augustus), one-eighth each to the other two grandsons of his sister
Julia, Lucius Pinarius and Quintus Pedius. At the end of the will he
adopted Octavius into the Caesar family (permitting him the use of the
surname Caesar). Caesar also left his gardens on the banks of the Tiber
River to the general public for use as a recreation ground, and three
gold pieces a man. Caesar's affairs with women are commonly described as
numerous and extravagant. In addition to the many 'friends' he had in
Rome, he had others in 'foreign ports' as suggested by a ribald verse
sung during the Gallic triumph:
Home we bring our bald whoremonger;
Romans, lock your wives away!
All the bags of gold you lent him
Went his Gallic tarts to pay.
Among his mistresses were several queens including Eunoe, wife of Bogudes
the Moor.
The Elder Curio referred to Caesar in a speech as: 'Every woman's man and
every man's woman.'
Caesar married Pompeia, a granddaughter of the Dictator Sulla (who had
stripped him of his priesthood, his wife's dowry, and his own inheritance
when he had refused to marry Cossutia, his betrothed from boyhood). He
divorced her shorthly thereafter on a suspicion of her adultery with
Piblius Clodius (who, according to rumors, had disguised himself as a
woman and seduced her at the Feast of the Good Goddess, from which men
are excluded).
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- Title: Jerry A. Enfield
Media: Book
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