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Individual:
Muhammad, the Messenger of God
Muhammad, the Messenger of God
(... -9 AH / 570-632 CE).
Muslims believe that Islam completes the revelation of God’s final message
to man through the Prophet Muhammad Praise Be Unto Him (PBUH) and the Holy
Qur’an. For Muslims, God began His message with Judaism and Christianity,
and Islam is the capstone of the monotheistic tradition. The Prophet’s
name means "the praised one" or "he who is glorified" and traditionally
every mention of the Prophet by name is followed by one of several
invocations. Usually it is sufficient to say ‘alayhis-salam’ or ‘Peace be
upon him’ (PBUH). The Prophet is a descendant of the Prophets Ibrahim
(Abraham) and Ismail (Ishmael). His father was Abdullah, the son of Abdel
Mutalib and the grandson of Hashem who was the founder of the Hashemite
clan.
As the Prophet was born after his father’s death, and in keeping with
pre-Islamic tribal law, he was unable to inherit from his father and was
sent to be raised with a Bedouin foster mother, Halima al-Sa’diya, in the
desert. The Prophet returned to Mecca under the care of his uncle Abu
Talib, and as a young man, he earned a reputation for resolving
inter-tribal differences. In fact, he was known within his Quraysh tribe
as al-Sadeq al-Ameen, or ‘the honest, the trustworthy’. When he was
twenty-five he married Khadija who bore the Prophet two sons that died in
infancy, and four daughters.
When the Prophet was forty years old, having already experienced visions,
he received the first revelation of the Qur’an and the Divine message by
the Angel Gabriel in a cave. His wife was the first to convert, followed
by his young cousin ‘Ali, the son of Abu Talib, and Zeid his servant. The
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) first began to publicly preach to his own clan the
Hashemites, and the first to convert from outside his family was Abu Bakr,
his friend and influential merchant dealer. As the message spread and the
followers of the new religion grew, so did the opposition in the city of
Mecca. The city was at the time the center of trade and pilgrimage because
of the Ka’aba, which held for the Meccans many sacred objects and idols of
worship.
With time, resistance to Islam became hostile and despite the ban placed
on the Hashemite clan the Prophet remained uncompromising in his message
of monotheism. To escape persecution many Muslims left Mecca, and
eventually so too did the Prophet when it was realized that his life was
in danger. With many of his followers already established in al-Medina
al-Munawwara, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emigrated under the cover of
darkness in order to evade the search parties. This celebrated journey
(622 CE) became known as the Hijra (emigration) and was later designated
to mark the first year of the Muslim calendar, as the Prophet’s arrival in
Medina marked the first Islamic state. Al-Medina al-Munawwara thereafter
became known as the ‘city of the Prophet’.
Over the next six years the Prophet lived in Medina, spreading the word of
Islam and practicing its teachings. Soon, it became apparent that the
Muslims would have to face the Meccans in the field of battle in order to
further spread God’s message. In March 624 CE, against a superior force,
the Muslims defeated the idol worshipping Meccans at the Battle of Badr,
however only a year later the Muslims were defeated in the disastrous
Battle of Uhud. In 628 CE the Prophet with 1000 men entered the walls of
Mecca and soon afterwards the Prophet was acknowledged as the leader.
Fully established in Mecca, the Messenger of God sent great expeditions to
the north of Arabia, inviting others to enter into Islam. This marks the
beginning of Islam’s expansion towards Syria and Persia.
The ninth year of the Hijra (632 CE) is known as the "Year of Deputations"
when delegates came from all over Arabia to enter into Islam. On June 8 of
that year, the Prophet died and was buried in accordance to his wishes, in
his house. The expansion of Islam continued extending from as far West as
Spain to as far East as India within one hundred years. Today there are
around a billion Muslims in the world.
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